Steps To Copy PCB Boards


The first step is to get a piece of PCB, first on a piece of paper to record all the elements of the model, parameters, as well as the location, especially the diode, the direction of the compressors pipe, IC the direction of the gap. It is better to digital camera two pictures from a location.

The second step is to tear down all device and the PAD holes in the tin. PCB clean with alcohol, and then put into the scanner, the scanner to scan the time needs to be somewhat higher scan pixels, in order to get a clear image, start PHOTOSHOP, knocked screen printing surface into color way, save the file and print it out for later use.
The third step, water gauze paper will TOP LAYER and BOTTOM LAYER two layers of slight grinding, polishing to copper film, into the scanner, start PHOTOSHOP, knocked two layers respectively into in color mode. Pay attention to,PCB in put inside the scanner must cross straight trees, or scan images can't use, and save the file.
The fourth step, adjust the contrast of the canvas, the contrast, the copper film part of and not part of the copper film contrast, then the first figure to black and white, check whether the line is clear, if not clear, repeat this step. If clear, will survive for the black and white TOP. The BMP file format of BMP and BOT. BMP, if found problems graphics can also use PHOTOSHOP to repair and correction.
Fifth, the two BMP format into PROTEL format file, respectively in PROTEL transfer into two layers, such as a two layer of the PAD and the location of the VIA basic coincidence, suggests several steps before doing a good job, if there is a deviation, then repeat step 3.
Sixth, TOP. The TOP layer of BMP can be converted to PCB, be careful to into a SILK layer, the layer is yellow, and then you just at the TOP layer tracing, and drawing device according to the second step. After the draw will delete the SILK layer.
Step 7, BOT BOT layer of BMP can be converted to the PCB, be careful to into a SILK layer, the layer is yellow, and then you in BOT layer tracing it. After the draw will delete the SILK layer.
Step 8, TOP in PROTEL PCB and BOT. PCB paged, into a graph with respect to OK.
Step 9, use laser printer to TOP LAYER, BOTTOM LAYER respectively printed on transparent film (1:1 ratio), put the film on the PCB, compare the errors, if yes, you're done.
Other: if it is a multilayer and carefully polished inside lining, repeat steps 3 to 9, at the same time, of course, the naming of graphics is different also, want to be decided according to the number of layers, the general double panel is much simpler than a multilayer copy board, laminated copy plate prone to alignment, loOK so professional copy PCB board and carefully (including internal guide hole and guide hole is not easy to appear problem)..
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Why People Prefer To Use Granite For Kitchen Countertops


Usually people prefer to use light colors of granite for kitchen countertops but nowadays darker colors are considered more chique. So why not to stand apart from everybody and try something new like Absolute Black or Volga Blue granite?

Black is the most luxurious among all colors. This color implies good taste and elegance in all applications, for example black cars are the only ones considered presentable, black dresses compose most of evening dresses. With black your countertops will look elegant and unique.

Nowadays using black color in home design is very popular. Some homeowners prefer to coordinate their granite countertops with their cabinets, and others prefer a contrast. New granite countertop will be the main part of your kitchen, but it should match with kitchen design. Remember that real beauty is in the harmony of stone and kitchen design.

Absolute Black is China granite, and Volga Blue is from Ukraine. The color of first stone is very rich. The second stone resembles the look of grand river Volga in the evening hours - the water is deep and dark but shines. Both stones are very beautiful. Don't forget that Granite is a very hard stone, which allows you to cut on it or put the hot pans. Granite is also very easy to clean. Granite countertop is an investment in lasting beauty and comfort that will give you many years of wear.

Simple Arithmetic:

granite + black = Absolute Black
granite + black + blue = Volga blue
black + kitchen countertop = luxury and elegant kitchen
black kitchen countertop + YOU = queen of your kitchen

Use absolute black granite or volga blue and get an ideal kitchen countertops at Marble City Company.

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Why People Prefer To Use Granite For Kitchen Countertops


Usually people prefer to use light colors of granite for kitchen countertops but nowadays darker colors are considered more chique. So why not to stand apart from everybody and try something new like Absolute Black or Volga Blue granite?

Black is the most luxurious among all colors. This color implies good taste and elegance in all applications, for example black cars are the only ones considered presentable, black dresses compose most of evening dresses. With black your countertops will look elegant and unique.

Nowadays using black color in home design is very popular. Some homeowners prefer to coordinate their granite countertops with their cabinets, and others prefer a contrast. New granite countertop will be the main part of your kitchen, but it should match with kitchen design. Remember that real beauty is in the harmony of stone and kitchen design.

Absolute Black is China granite, and Volga Blue is from Ukraine. The color of first stone is very rich. The second stone resembles the look of grand river Volga in the evening hours - the water is deep and dark but shines. Both stones are very beautiful. Don't forget that Granite is a very hard stone, which allows you to cut on it or put the hot pans. Granite is also very easy to clean. Granite countertop is an investment in lasting beauty and comfort that will give you many years of wear.

Simple Arithmetic:

granite + black = Absolute Black
granite + black + blue = Volga blue
black + kitchen countertop = luxury and elegant kitchen
black kitchen countertop + YOU = queen of your kitchen

Use absolute black granite or volga blue and get an ideal kitchen countertops at Marble City Company.

Related reading:mongolia black granite tiles Ceramic Skirting Tile ice shaver Vehicle PTZ Cameras

The Benefits Of Installing Black Granite Countertops



Those who want to give a kitchen or bathroom and elegant feel should invest in black granite countertops. While there are many colors and shades of granite to choose from, black is a timeless, classic color that is sure to enhance the kitchen and/or bathroom decor. Black is bold and it makes a statement. Granite is a durable material that will hold up to a lot of wear and tear. It is non-porous, so it will not absorb the water and get ruined. It is also naturally resistant to mold and bacterial growth, making it a sanitary option for both the bathroom and the kitchen.

Black granite is a rock and each granite slab will have its own unique pattern. A homeowner should stop to consider what color or pattern would be the most suitable for the room in question. Those who invest in a black granite countertop will find that such a countertop will go well with a cherry or oak cabinet. Those who want the bathroom or kitchen to have an antique feel should invest in bronze faucets and fixtures.

The size of the bathroom or kitchen should also be taken into consideration when choosing a countertop. If the room does not get much natural light, then black may not be the most suitable color choice. If the room is small, then it is important to use a small countertop. Even a small granite countertop can accentuate the sink and cupboards and greatly enhance the bathroom or kitchen decor.

Tips on Selecting and Installing a Countertop:
One can either purchase a granite slab or granite tiles. Tiles are cheaper and can be easier to install. If they are put in properly, most people will not notice the fact that tiles were used instead of a single slab of granite. It is best to have granite tiles professionally installed, as a professional will ensure that the tiles fit perfectly well and that there are no seams.

Granite is often marked in grades. However, it is important to realize that the grading system is very arbitrary, as there is no international standard that companies must adhere to. Generally speaking, however, granite slabs with numerous quartz pieces and visible veins will have a lower grade than slabs that do not have any or many of these visual markings. However, many homeowners have found that low-grade granite marked as "second choice" or "commercial" granite is just as good as high-grade granite. The lower the grade, the cheaper the granite will be. What is important is not what grade the granite slab is but whether or not the color and/or pattern is suitable for the room in question. The slab should also be reasonably priced.

In most instances it is best to have the granite counter top installed by a professional. While one could try to do it on his or her own, the slab is very heavy and will break if mishandled. An expert can install the slab properly to ensure that it is a true enhancement to the kitchen or bathroom decor.

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Black granite countertops always serve as the best neutral color in interior decorating



For years now, the evolution of using black granite countertops gradually linked its way to excellence in providing beauty and elegance to home remodeling. But what first comes to your mind when you think about black granite? Yes, masculine. It's true that granite in black has always been the choice and the more preferred color by male bachelors but this doesn't mean members of the opposite sex can't use it.

Why black countertops are not exclusive to men alone:

Black has turned into something that is elegant and sophisticated not only in the eyes of male designers and home owners but also to women who look for solid, simple yet elegant style. Black granite countertops always serve as the best neutral color in interior decorating.

It is a common granite color for those who want their countertops to be simple and elegant. It also has the ability to be combined with lighter colors such as gray and white granite.

Black countertops can look good both in kitchens and baths. The overflowing demand for black granite had increased during the past years because of its choices of designs and patterns.

Black doesn't come in just one shade, and this is favorable to women who are considering a softer shade of black. The color and pattern as well as flecks present in it will determine its value and outcome in a design.

When choosing granite countertops in black, do not think of its color characteristic exclusive to men, rather you visualize how it will look in your kitchen and how you want it to be installed. If you are not sure about solid black granite dominating the kitchen, you can combine this with white granite that preferably consists of the same pattern, cut and design.


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Advantages Of Using Black Granite Countertops





Ever wonder where black granite countertops can look good? That's right, bachelor pads. Single men always prefer solid and masculine color that will define the wholeness of their pad. And yes it's true that black granite perfectly fits this purpose. When choosing colors, you will notice how most bachelors opt on black or darker colors. It is common because of the black's ability to be combined with lighter granite color. If changes are to be made, it is easier to adapt the black color to others rather than changing your granite countertop all over.

Advantages of using black granite countertops

Simple: Black granite can come with different design and pattern. It ranges from simple black to the detailed pattern of flowing shades of black. Your granite pattern will definitely affect the kitchen design.

Elegant: Simple solid black colors provides elegance and not the loud color of pastel and bright shades. In a scale of trendiness, black granite will always compete on the high road of modern design.

Stain resistant: Black countertops have the ability to conceal soft stains. While bachelors don't have caretakers to clean up after them, it is indeed a good idea to acquire this kind of color.

Stylish: Color and style blend together. This color has since been used during the early days yet, the modern design still adapts it. It only proves how black never runs out of style.

Black granite countertops are not only limited to bachelor pads, they are also common to equally elegant household and corporations with high value on style and trendiness. Here's a good tip, if you can't decide on what granite color is best for you, go chic with black and white granite. This will provide you a neutral yet elegant ground.

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The Benefits Of Installing Black Granite Countertops



Those who want to give a kitchen or bathroom and elegant feel should invest in black granite countertops. While there are many colors and shades of granite to choose from, black is a timeless, classic color that is sure to enhance the kitchen and/or bathroom decor. Black is bold and it makes a statement. Granite is a durable material that will hold up to a lot of wear and tear. It is non-porous, so it will not absorb the water and get ruined. It is also naturally resistant to mold and bacterial growth, making it a sanitary option for both the bathroom and the kitchen.

Black granite is a rock and each granite slab will have its own unique pattern. A homeowner should stop to consider what color or pattern would be the most suitable for the room in question. Those who invest in a black granite countertop will find that such a countertop will go well with a cherry or oak cabinet. Those who want the bathroom or kitchen to have an antique feel should invest in bronze faucets and fixtures.

The size of the bathroom or kitchen should also be taken into consideration when choosing a countertop. If the room does not get much natural light, then black may not be the most suitable color choice. If the room is small, then it is important to use a small countertop. Even a small granite countertop can accentuate the sink and cupboards and greatly enhance the bathroom or kitchen decor.

Tips on Selecting and Installing a Countertop:
One can either purchase a granite slab or granite tiles. Tiles are cheaper and can be easier to install. If they are put in properly, most people will not notice the fact that tiles were used instead of a single slab of granite. It is best to have granite tiles professionally installed, as a professional will ensure that the tiles fit perfectly well and that there are no seams.

Granite is often marked in grades. However, it is important to realize that the grading system is very arbitrary, as there is no international standard that companies must adhere to. Generally speaking, however, granite slabs with numerous quartz pieces and visible veins will have a lower grade than slabs that do not have any or many of these visual markings. However, many homeowners have found that low-grade granite marked as "second choice" or "commercial" granite is just as good as high-grade granite. The lower the grade, the cheaper the granite will be. What is important is not what grade the granite slab is but whether or not the color and/or pattern is suitable for the room in question. The slab should also be reasonably priced.

In most instances it is best to have the granite counter top installed by a professional. While one could try to do it on his or her own, the slab is very heavy and will break if mishandled. An expert can install the slab properly to ensure that it is a true enhancement to the kitchen or bathroom decor.

Related reading:mongolia black granite commercial ice machine energy saving halogen bulb pyrite beads sale

Bathroom Vanity Tops Define The Look Of The Bathroom

Bathroom vanity tops define the look of the bathroom, and can be used to dramatic effect with a little planning. Available in a variety of styles, materials, and price ranges, the bathroom vanity top is a versatile furnishing that any homeowner can use to upgrade the appearance of their bathroom.

One of the most popular choices is the granite bathroom vanity top, as the beauty of the granite eliminates the need for any other ornamentation. Whether your bathroom features minimalist styling or traditional elements, a granite vanity can be integrated seamlessly with the existing decor and provide a fresh interpretation of your interior decorations.

The low maintenance involved in granite makes it a common material for complete bathroom decoration as well, with some homeowners choosing to outfit every aspect of their bathroom in granite to create a unified appearance. Whether you use granite as a minor detail or a major theme in the room, a granite vanity will provide an exceptional appearance.

Granite bathroom vanity tops can range in price form under $200 to over $1,000, depending on the size of vanity you want and the level of sophistication you require in your furnishings. Granite is a hard stone, and like its ubiquitous counterpart marble, must be sealed before used as a furnishing to ensure it does not absorb liquids and distort with time.

Because these two materials are so often used in bathroom vanity sink tops, there are many discount dealers who compete with low prices. Even if you prefer to shop in-store, it is a good idea to compare prices on the internet for the style in which you are interested before picking a specific model. Having a lower price in hand may enable you to negotiate and receive a lower price regardless of current sales.

Vanity tops can be coordinated with other aspects of the room's furnishing to create a cohesive look, for example with a matching vanity mirror. By beginning with the vanity and building from there, you will surely create a timeless appearance for your bathroom.

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The Most Common Use Of Black Granites

A very elegant and hard building stone, black granite is the building material of choice used in building facings, monuments and other special purposes. These dark-colored rocks are formed from magma placed deep within the earth's crust. Since different chemical processes may occur deep within, the origin of this amazing stone is contentious. This debatable origin has led to various classifications of the building material. A number of quarrying companies all over the world produce large amounts of the black stone every year and follow particular schemes. In most cases, these heavy igneous rocks are used as countertops and other specialty applications.

The most common black granites

China and India, because of their very vast land areas, are the most prolific producers of granite. Chinese granite surfaces have become very popular in the recent years because of the low prices that they offer. There are many producers of black granites in China alone and one of their best varieties is Shanxi Black grade A. This is a very top quality building material and relatively costs more than other varieties. Shanxi Black has a very good gloss polish.

Indian granite surfaces on the other hand, are exported almost everywhere in the world. During the 1970s when memorials and slabs made of black granite are beginning to be in demand, India was the most popular mass producer of this high-valued rock. They have some of the finest quality rocks of the most reasonable price. However, Kunnam Black granite, which originates from Southern India, may exhibit soft qualities making it not very ideal for kitchen tops because of the scuff marks that can easily appear on its surfaces.

Other countries like Brazil, Finland, Canada, and the United States also quarry these hard rock surfaces mostly for specialty purposes. Nero Impala, the one famously produced from South Africa, are colored dark gray. Although this rock is preferably black, other shades also found use especially in interior design applications.

Black granites for added elegance inside the house or building

Black granite countertops look very beautiful when installed in the kitchen or on any table top. These countertops are also commonly found in high-end bathrooms providing that cozy feel. Combination of different gradients from black to gray to form patterns also looks very attractive.

When used as a countertop, these rocks are highly resistant to heat and are very durable. Since these countertops have glossy finish, stains and scratches are unable to cause damage to the surface. Accidental liquid spills can be easily wiped out leaving almost no trace behind.

How to choose high-quality black granite

Before installing this particular building material, care must be taken in picking the right variety since this very hard material is not easily molded. Inappropriate sizes can be very inconvenient and adjusting its size would take some considerable effort. Precise measurements on the area where the counter is to be installed must be made first so as to avoid size mismatch. Countertops with excellent glossy finish are highly recommended. Shades that match the interior of the house must also be considered carefully.

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Features And Benefits Of Kitchen Quartz Worktops


Among the different kitchen countertops that are available in the market place, Kitchen Quartz worktops can be considered as a premium variety. This has some of the unique physical characteristics that cannot be found in the other type of countertops such as granite countertops and Corian countertops.

Quartz Worktops composition:

This type of kitchen top is made by mixing quartz powder with other resins to come up with a quality countertop that could last for a life time. In addition to the hardness property, Quartz worktops are also non porous in nature that gives it the added strength to last longer. In some cases, a small quantity of anti-bacterial substances is also added to the Quartz and the resin mixture. This makes it highly resistant to the bacterial and fungus attacks. During the manufacturing of Quartz worktops, different colour pigments are added to get quartz tops of different attractive colours. A combination of more than one colour can also be achieved.

Features of Kitchen Quartz worktops:

Some of the salient features of the quartz worktops are:

1. Highly lustrous in nature: Compared to the other type of kitchen tops including granite and Corian, these countertops come with added lustre. This lustrous nature of the quartz countertop can be retained for a prolonged duration by proper and simple routine maintenance.

2. Three dimensional appearance: Quartz provides a three dimensional look in terms of depth to the people viewing the kitchen top from the sides of the countertops. This is a rich visual experience that cannot be provided by other types of countertops.

3. Highly durable in nature and doesn't even show a crack even when subjected to high temperatures.

Benefits of installing Quartz Countertops:

1. Quartz worktops are fully resistant to stain and don't require any external work such as sealing.

2. As mentioned earlier, provides a shining and three dimension appearance as opposed to the dull and solid appearance of the other types of countertops

3. Extremely resistant to heat and are capable of handling the different heating functions for different food items.

4. This type of countertop has the highest resale value among the different varieties of kitchen counter tops. As the lustre and the richness of the quartz surface can be retained for a longer duration, it can be sold in second hand market at attractive prices.

5. Compared to the other countertops, they can easily be re-worked to fit the size of your kitchen. Only a minimum amount of labour is required to do the customization. The others types of countertops such as granite are labour intensive and require a lot of time for completing the customization work.

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